Atlas De Embriologia Humana Norberto Lopez Serna Pdf
Atlas de Embriologia Humana Norberto Lopez Serna PDF: A Comprehensive Guide to Human Embryology
Human embryology is the study of the development of the human organism from conception to birth. It is a fascinating and complex field that reveals the origins of our anatomy, physiology and genetics. However, studying human embryology can be challenging due to the limitations and ethical issues of obtaining human embryonic material.
Atlas de embriologia humana norberto lopez serna pdf
That's why Atlas de Embriologia Humana Norberto Lopez Serna PDF is a valuable resource for anyone interested in learning human embryology. This book is a collection of high-quality images and descriptions of human embryos obtained from spontaneous abortions and ectopic pregnancies, which are natural forms of conception interruption that provide a limited number of technically useful samples.
Atlas de Embriologia Humana Norberto Lopez Serna PDF covers all the stages of human embryonic development, from the fertilization of the ovum to the formation of the organs and systems. It also includes chapters on embryonic malformations, teratogens and genetic disorders. The book is organized according to the logical distribution of the contents by apparatuses or systems, following the criteria of the Carnegie stages.
The book was written by Dr. Norberto Lopez Serna, a professor and head of the Department of Embryology at the Faculty of Medicine of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), and other experts in the field. It was published in 2000 by Editorial Ciencias Medicas, and it is available for free download online .
Atlas de Embriologia Humana Norberto Lopez Serna PDF is a comprehensive guide to human embryology that provides clear and accurate information, supported by high-quality images and references. It is a useful tool for students, teachers, researchers and professionals who want to learn more about this fascinating subject.
Stages of Human Embryonic Development
Human embryonic development can be divided into three main periods: the pre-implantation period, the embryonic period and the fetal period. Each period has specific events and milestones that mark the progress of the development.
The Pre-implantation Period
The pre-implantation period covers the first week of development, from fertilization to implantation. During this period, the zygote undergoes several rounds of cell division, called cleavage, to form a solid ball of cells called the morula. The morula then develops a fluid-filled cavity and becomes a blastocyst, which consists of an outer layer of cells called the trophoblast and an inner mass of cells called the embryoblast. The blastocyst reaches the uterus around day 5 and implants into the endometrium (the lining of the uterus) around day 7. The trophoblast forms the placenta and other extraembryonic membranes that support the embryo, while the embryoblast forms the embryo itself.
The Embryonic Period
The embryonic period covers the second to eighth week of development, during which the major organs and systems of the body begin to form. During this period, the embryoblast differentiates into three primary germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. These germ layers give rise to all the tissues and organs of the body. The embryo also undergoes a series of morphological changes, such as gastrulation, neurulation and organogenesis, that shape its body plan and establish its symmetry and polarity. The embryonic period is divided into 23 stages, called Carnegie stages, based on external and internal features.
The Fetal Period
The fetal period covers the ninth week of development until birth, during which the organs and systems of the body continue to grow and mature. The fetus also develops recognizable external features, such as limbs, fingers, toes, eyes, ears and genitals. The fetal period is divided into three trimesters, each lasting about three months. During the first trimester, the fetus is most vulnerable to teratogens (agents that can cause birth defects), such as drugs, alcohol, radiation and infections. During the second trimester, the fetus becomes more active and can be felt by the mother. During the third trimester, the fetus gains weight and prepares for delivery.
Features of Atlas de Embriologia Humana Norberto Lopez Serna PDF
Atlas de Embriologia Humana Norberto Lopez Serna PDF is a unique and comprehensive book that offers several features that make it a valuable and reliable source of information on human embryology. Some of these features are:
It contains more than 100 high-quality images of human embryos at different stages of development, obtained from natural sources and processed with microfilming techniques.
It provides detailed descriptions and explanations of the embryonic structures and processes, following the criteria of the Carnegie stages and the logical distribution of the contents by apparatuses or systems.
It includes chapters on embryonic malformations, teratogens and genetic disorders, highlighting the causes, mechanisms and consequences of these abnormalities.
It incorporates references to the most recent scientific literature and international standards on human embryology.
It is written in a clear and concise language, suitable for students, teachers, researchers and professionals of various disciplines related to human health and development.
Benefits of Using Atlas de Embriologia Humana Norberto Lopez Serna PDF
Atlas de Embriologia Humana Norberto Lopez Serna PDF is a useful and beneficial tool for anyone who wants to learn more about human embryology. Some of the benefits of using this book are:
It provides a comprehensive and updated overview of human embryonic development, covering all the aspects from fertilization to organogenesis.
It helps to understand the origins and evolution of the human body, as well as the factors that can affect its normal development.
It supports the teaching and learning process of human embryology, offering a visual and textual guide that facilitates the comprehension and retention of the concepts.
It stimulates the curiosity and interest in human embryology, as well as the appreciation and respect for human life.
Applications of Human Embryology
Human embryology is not only a fascinating subject of scientific inquiry, but also a relevant and important field for various applications that can benefit human health and well-being. Some of these applications are:
Cell-based therapies: Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are derived from human embryos or somatic cells, respectively, and have the potential to differentiate into any cell type of the body. These cells can be used to generate tissues and organs for transplantation, to treat diseases such as diabetes, Parkinson's, spinal cord injury and heart failure.
Disease modelling: Human embryonic development can be affected by genetic mutations, environmental factors and maternal conditions that can cause congenital malformations and disorders. By using hESCs, iPSCs or synthetic embryology models, researchers can study the mechanisms and effects of these factors on human development, and test potential drugs and interventions.
Drug discovery: Human embryonic development involves complex molecular and cellular interactions that regulate the formation and function of the body. By using hESCs, iPSCs or synthetic embryology models, researchers can screen for compounds that modulate these interactions, and identify novel targets and candidates for drug development.
Human development: Human embryology provides insights into the origins and evolution of the human body, as well as the similarities and differences with other species. By using hESCs, iPSCs or synthetic embryology models, researchers can explore the genetic and epigenetic factors that shape human development, and understand the basis of human diversity and individuality.
Ethical Issues of Human Embryology
Human embryology is not only a fascinating and important field of scientific inquiry, but also a controversial and sensitive one that raises several ethical issues and challenges. Some of these issues are:
The moral status of human embryos: Human embryos are potential human beings that possess unique genetic identities and the capacity to develop into persons. However, they are also dependent on maternal support and lack the characteristics and capacities that are usually associated with personhood, such as consciousness, rationality and autonomy. Therefore, different views exist on whether human embryos deserve full moral respect and protection, or whether they can be used for research purposes under certain conditions and limitations.
The 14-day rule: The 14-day rule is a widely accepted ethical guideline that states that human embryos should not be cultured beyond 14 days or primitive-streak formation, whichever occurs first. The rule is based on the idea that this time point marks the onset of individuality and the beginning of gastrulation, a process that involves the formation of the three germ layers and the basic body plan. However, the rule has been challenged by some researchers who argue that it is arbitrary and outdated, and that extending the culture period could yield valuable scientific and medical benefits.
The sources of human embryos: Human embryos used for research purposes are usually obtained from surplus IVF embryos that are donated by couples with informed consent. However, some researchers have proposed alternative sources of human embryos, such as creating them by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), parthenogenesis or interspecies blastocyst complementation. These methods raise ethical concerns about the manipulation and creation of human life, as well as the potential risks of genetic abnormalities and cross-species contamination.
The applications of human embryology: Human embryology has various applications that can benefit human health and well-being, such as cell-based therapies, disease modelling, drug discovery and human development. However, these applications also pose ethical challenges, such as ensuring the safety and efficacy of the derived cells and tissues, respecting the rights and interests of the donors and recipients, avoiding the commodification and exploitation of human life, and preserving the dignity and identity of human beings.
Conclusion
Atlas de Embriologia Humana Norberto Lopez Serna PDF is a comprehensive and reliable book that provides a wealth of information and images on human embryonic development. It covers all the stages of human embryonic development, from fertilization to organogenesis, and includes chapters on embryonic malformations, teratogens and genetic disorders. It is a valuable resource for anyone interested in learning human embryology, as well as for students, teachers, researchers and professionals of various disciplines related to human health and development.
Human embryology is a fascinating and important field of scientific inquiry that offers several benefits and challenges. It helps to understand the origins and evolution of the human body, as well as the factors that can affect its normal development. It also has various applications that can benefit human health and well-being, such as cell-based therapies, disease modelling, drug discovery and human development. However, it also raises several ethical issues and challenges, such as the moral status of human embryos, the 14-day rule, the sources of human embryos and the applications of human embryology. These issues require careful consideration and public dialogue to ensure that human embryology research is conducted in a responsible and respectful manner. d282676c82
https://www.amamor.com.br/group/gestantes/discussion/3091a492-e1bc-46e3-93ad-d6fa051a26ac
https://www.agentstalk.com/group/independent-agents/discussion/69f73310-0827-4169-b6ef-b4314c8ef290